Endnotes

[1] CPS Policy Handbook § 2390. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_2200.asp#CPS_2390. Last visited September 17, 2025.

[2] CPS Policy Handbook § 2200. Available online at http://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_2200.asp. Last visited September 17, 2025.

[3] DFPS Texas Abuse Hotline website. Available online at https://www.txabusehotline.org/Login/Default.aspx. Last visited September 17, 2025.

[4] DFPS Investigation and Referral to DSHS Residential Treatment Center Bed Resource Guide. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Resource_Guides/RTC_Resource_Guide.pdf. Last visited September 17, 2025.

[5] In re Isquierdo, 426 S.W.3d 128, 131 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, orig. proceeding).

[6] For more information, please see the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act Guide for Court Personnel and Judges developed by the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges. Available online at https://www.ncjfcj.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/UCCJEA_Guide_Court_Personnel_Judges_Final.pdf. Last visited September 17, 2025.

[7] UCCJEA Flow Chart. Available online at https://texaschildrenscommission.gov/media/uvblb4zd/01-uccjea-flow-chart-2024.pdf. Last visited September 17, 2025.

[8] CCEJ Decisions Chart. Available online at https://texaschildrenscommission.gov/media/vaapolmv/02-texas-ccej-chart-2024.pdf. Last visited September 17, 2025.

[9] Interstate Compact on Placement of Children. Available online at https://aphsa.org/AAICPC/default.aspx. Last visited September 17, 2025.

[10] CPS Policy Handbook § 6610. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_6600.asp#CPS_6610. Last visited September 3, 2025.

[11] In the Interest of A.L.M.-F., A.M., J.A.-F., N.A.-F., and E.A.-F., 593 S.W.3d 271 (Tex. 2019).

[12] Key W. Life Ins. Co. v. State Bd. of Ins., 350 S.W.2d 839, 846 (Tex. 1961) (defining “trial de novo” and describing its attributes); Lone Star Gas Co. v. State, 153 S.W.2d 681, 692 (Tex. 1941) (a trial de novo ordinarily requires the court to conduct a “full civil trial on the facts as well as the law” where the parties will “try the case as if the suit had been filed originally in that court”).

[13] In re A.L.M.-F 593 S.W.3d 271, 277.

[14] CPS Policy Handbook § 6251. Available online at www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_6200.asp#CPS_6251. Last visited September 19, 2025.

[15] HHS Ombudsman Foster Care Help webpage. Available online at https://hhs.texas.gov/about-hhs/your-rights/ombudsman-foster-care-help. Last visited September 19, 2025.

[16] DFPS Office of Consumer Relations. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/Contact_Us/Questions_and_Complaints/OCA.asp. Last visited September 19, 2025.

[17] DFPS Youth Housing Program webpage. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/youth_housing.asp. Last visited September 19, 2025.

[18] DFPS Regional Youth Housing Liaisons. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/Housing/regional_housing_liaisons.asp. Last visited September 19, 2025.

[19] A Guide for Those “Aging Out” of Foster Care in Texas. Available online at http://texasfosteryouth.org/. Last visited September 19, 2025.

[20] See Youth or Young Adult in Foster Care Driver License Fact Sheet. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/documents/Foster_Youth_DL_Fact_Sheet.pdf. Last visited September 1, 2025.

[21] CPS Policy Handbook § 5611.1. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_5600.asp#CPS_5611_1. Last visited September 1, 2025.

[22] Extended Court Jurisdiction Flowchart. Available online at http://www.dfps.texas.gov/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/Extended_Foster_Care/documents/Extended_Court_Jurisdiction_Flow_Chart.pdf. Last visited September19, 2025.

[23] DFPS Transitional Living Services Handout. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/documents/Transitional_Living_Services_Handout.pdf. Last visited September 19, 2025.

[24] “Incapacitated person” means (1) a minor; (2) an adult who, because of a physical or mental condition, is substantially unable to: (A) provide food, clothing, or shelter for himself or herself; (B) care for the person's own physical health; or (C) manage the person's own financial affairs; or (3) a person who must have a guardian appointed for the person to receive funds due the person from a governmental source. Tex. Est. Code § 1002.017.

[25] Department of Family & Protective Services Supervised Independent Living. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/Extended_Foster_Care/supervised_independent_living.asp. Last visited September 19, 2025.

[26] CPS Policy Handbook § 10421. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_x10400.asp#CPS_10421. Last visited September 19, 2025.

[27] CPS Policy Handbook § 10463. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov /handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_x10400.asp#CPS_10463. Last visited September 19, 2025.

[28] CPS Policy Handbook § 10421. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_x10400.asp#CPS_10421. Last visited September 19, 2025.

[29] Types of Supervised Independent Living Settings. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/Extended_Foster_Care/SIL_setting_types.asp. Last visited September 19, 2025.

[30] CPS Policy Handbook § 10400. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_x10400.asp#CPS_10400. Last visited September 19, 2025.

[31] Extended Court Jurisdiction Flowchart. Available online at http://www.dfps.texas.gov/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/Extended_Foster_Care/documents/Extended_Court_Jurisdiction_Flow_Chart.pdf. Last visited September 19, 2025.

[32] Extended Foster Care Resource Guide. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Resource_Guides/Extended_Foster_Care_Resource_Guide.pdf. Last visited September 19, 2025.

[33] DFPS Extended Foster Care Webpage. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/Extended_Foster_Care/default.asp. Last visited September 19, 2025.

[34] Supervised Independent Living. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/Extended_Foster_Care/supervised_independent_living.asp. Last visited September 19, 2025.

[35] Transitional Living Services Handout. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/Child_Protection/Youth_and_Young_Adults/Transitional_Living/documents/Transitional_Living_Services_Handout.pdf. Last visited September 19, 2025.

[36] Texas Foster Youth Justice Project Legal Resources for Youth Aging Out of Foster Care. Available online at http://texasfosteryouth.org/legal-resources/legal-resources-for-youth/aging-out-of-foster-care/. Last visited September 19, 2025.

[37] 2025 DFPS Case Law Update. Available online at https://texaschildrenscommission.gov/media/dbgeq4b5/2025-case-law-update.pdf. Last visited September 1, 2025.

[38] U.S. Department of State Office of Children's Issues. Guide for State Authorities on Outgoing Adoption Cases from the United States to another Convention Country. (Feb. 2021). Available online at https://travel.state.gov/content/dam/NEWadoptionassets/pdfs/State Authorities Outgoing Guide - Updated 02122021.pdf. Last visited September 19, 2025.

[39] CPS Policy Handbook § 5230. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/cps/files/CPS_pg_5200.asp#CPS_5230. Last visited September 26, 2025.

[40] CPS Policy Handbook § 5233.33. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_5200.asp#CPS_5233_33. Last visited September 26, 2025.

[41] CPS Policy Handbook § 6715. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/cps/files/CPS_pg_6700.asp#CPS_6715. Last visited September 27, 2025.

[42] CPS Policy Handbook § 6715.1. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_6700.asp#CPS_6715_1. Last visited September 27, 2025.

[43] CPS Policy Handbook § 2233. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_2200.asp#CPS_2233. Last visited September 26, 2025.

[44] DFPS Forensic Assessment Center Network (FACN) Resource Guide online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Resource_Guides/FACN_Resource_Guide.pdf. Last visited September 26, 2025.

[45] CPS Policy Handbook § 2233.5. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_2200.asp#CPS_2233_15. Last visited September 26, 2025.

[46] Texas Center for the Judiciary website. Available online at https://www.yourhonor.com/online. Last visited September 30, 2025.

[47] Ex parte Daniels, 722 S.W.2d 707, 708 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987).

[48] Ex parte Duncan, 182 S.W. 313, 314 (Tex. Crim. App. 1916); Cooke v. United States, 45 Sup. Ct. 390, 394 (1925); Ex parte Flournoy, 312 S.W.2d 488, 492 (Tex. 1958); Tex. Gov't Code § 21.002(d).

[49] Ex parte Knable, 818 S.W.2d 811 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).

[50] Ex parte Cardwell, 416 S.W.2d 382, 384 (Tex. 1967); Hicks on Behalf of Feiock v. Feiock, 108 Sup. Ct. 1423, 1429 (1998).

[51] Ex parte Chambers, 898 S.W.2d 257, 260 (Tex. 1995) rehearing overruled.

[52] In re Rowe, 113 S.W.3d 749, 752 (Tex. App.—Austin, 2003, no writ); In re R.E.D., 278 S.W.3d 850, 856 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist] 2009, no writ).

[53] Ex parte Conway, 419 S.W.2d 827, 828 (Tex. 1967).

[54] In re Oliver, 68 Sup. Ct. 499, 507 (1948); Ex parte Martin, 656 S.W.2d 443, 445 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982).

[55] Ex parte Vetterick, 744 S.W.2d 598,599 (Tex.1988); Tex. Fam. Code § 157.062.

[56] Ex parte Gunther, 758 S.W.2d 226, 227 (Tex. 1988); Tex. Fam. Code § 157.163(b).

[57] Muniz v. Hoffman, 422 U.S. 454, 95 S. Ct. 2178, 2190 (1975); Ex Parte Werblud, 536 S.W.2d 542, 546 (Tex. 1976).

[58] Ex parte Griffin, 682 S.W.2d 261, 262 (Tex. 1984).

[59] Chambers, 898 S.W.2d at 261; In re Lausch, 177 S.W.3d 144, 155 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.).

[60] Ex parte Johns, 807 S.W.2d 768, 771, (Tex. App.—Dallas, 1991, no pet.).

[61] Ex parte Landry, 144 S.W. 962, 963 (Tex. Crim. App. 1912); Hicks, 108 Sup. Ct. at 1430; Chambers, 898 S.W.2d at 259; R.E.D., 278 S.W.3d at 860.

[62] Travelhost v. Blandford, 68 F.3d 958, 961 (5th Cir. 1995).

[63] Alberti v. Klevenhagen, 610 F. Supp. 138, 141 (S.D. Texas 1985); See also Ruiz v. McCotter, 661 F. Supp. 112, 116 (S.D. Texas 1986).

[64] Green v. U.S., 78 S. Ct. 632, 644.

[65] Muniz, 95 S. Ct. at 2190.

[66] Werblud, 536 S.W.2d at 546.

[67] Griffin, 682 S.W.2d at 262.

[68] Ex parte York, 899 S.W.2d 47, 49 (Tex. App.—Waco 1995, no writ).

[69] In re Brown, 114 S.W.3d 7, 11 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2003, no writ) (citing Werblud, 536 S.W.2d at 546).

[70] In re Alexander, 243 S.W.3d 822, 825 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2007, no writ).

[71] Ex parte Shacklee, 939 S.W. 2d 144, 145 (Tex. 1997).

[72] In re Nesevitch, 93 S.W. 3d 510, 513 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no writ).

[73] Ex parte Calvillo Amaya, 748 S.W.2d 224, 225 (Tex. 1988); Ex parte Whitehead, 908 S.W.2d 68, 70 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist] 1995, no writ).

[74] Ex parte Mitchell, 738 S.W.2d 703, 706 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1989, no writ).

[75] Ex parte Proctor, 398 S.W.2d 917, 918 (Tex. 1966).

[76] Ex parte Whitehead 908 S.W. 2d at 70; Ex parte Supercinski, 561 S.W.2d 482 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977).

[77] DFPS Kinship Care website. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/Child_Protection/Kinship_Care/default.asp. Last visited September 1, 2025.

[78] A Guide for the Legal Community: The Family First Prevention Services Act of 2018. Available online at https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/child_law/family-first-legal-guide.pdf. Last visited September 30, 2025.

[79] Bureau of Indian Affairs, Guidelines for State Courts and Agencies in Indian Child Custody Proceedings, 81 Fed. Reg. 96476 (Dec. 2016). Available online at https://www.bia.gov/sites/bia.gov/files/assets/bia/ois/pdf/idc2-056831.pdf. Last visited September 19, 2025.

[80] Guidelines at D.1.

[81] Guidelines at D.7.

[82] Guidelines at I.4.

[83] CPS Policy Handbook § 5200. Available online at http://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_5200.asp#CPS_5232. Last visited September 1, 2025.

[84] Guidelines at L.4.

[85] Guidelines at B.5.

[86] Bureau of Indian Affairs ICWA Designated Agents Listing webpage. Available online at https://www.bia.gov/bia/ois/dhs/icwa/agents-listing/. Last visited September 19, 2025.

[87] Guidelines at B.7.

[88] Guidelines at B.2.

[89] Guidelines at B.7.

[90] Guidelines at B.1.

[91] Guidelines at C.3.

[92] Guidelines at A.3.

[93] Guidelines at D.8.

[94] Guidelines at F.2.

[95] Guidelines at F.4.

[96] Guidelines at J.5.

[97] Guidelines at H.2.

[98] Guidelines at G.1.

[99] Guidelines at E.1 through E.5.

[100] Guidelines at C.8.

[101] Guidelines at I.3.

[102] U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs. Quick Reference Sheet for State Court Personnel. Available online at https://www.bia.gov/sites/bia.gov/files/assets/bia/ois/ois/pdf/idc2-041404.pdf. Last visited September 19, 2025.

[103] National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges. Indian Child Welfare Act Judicial Benchbook. Available online at https://www.ncjfcj.org/publications/indian-child-welfare-act-judicial-benchbook/. Last visited September 19, 2025.

[104] Children's Commission website. 2021 Texas Indian Child Welfare Act Summit. Available online at http://texaschildrenscommission.gov/project-2021-icwa-summit/. Last visited September 19, 2025.

[105] ICPC regulations. Available online athttps://aphsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/ICPC-Regulations_TOC.pdf. Last visited September 23, 2025.

[106] CPS Policy Handbook on Interstate Placements. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_4500.asp#CPS_4500 and https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Menu/MenuCPS9000.asp. Last visited September 23, 2025

[107] CPS Policy Handbook § 4513.1. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_4500.asp#CPS_4513_1. Last visited September 23, 2025.

[108] The Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children: A Manual and Instructional Guide for Juvenile and Family Court Judges. Available online at https://www.ncjfcj.org/publications/the-interstate-compact-on-the-placement-of-children-a-manual-and-instructional-guide-for-juvenile-and-family-court-judges/. Last visited September 23, 2025.

[109] American Public Human Services Association Explanation of ICPC Regulation VII (October 2011). Available online at https://aphsa.org/AAICPC/AAICPC/ICPC_Publications_and_Papers.aspx. See further American Public Human Services Association ICPC Regulations. Available online at https://aphsa.org/OE/AAICPC/ICPC_Regulations.aspx https://aphsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/ICPC-Regulations_TOC.pdf. Last visited September 23, 2025.

[110] ICPC Regulations. Available online at https://aphsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/ICPC-Regulations_TOC.pdf. Last visited September 23, 2025.

[111] The Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children: A Manual and Instructional Guide for Juvenile and Family Court Judges. Available online at https://www.ncjfcj.org/publications/the-interstate-compact-on-the-placement-of-children-a-manual-and-instructional-guide-for-juvenile-and-family-court-judges/. Last visited September 23, 2025.

[112] Vivek Sankaran, Foster Kids in Limbo: The Effects of the Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children on the Permanency of Children in Foster Care (2014). Available online at https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2921&context=articles. Last visited September 23, 2025.

[113] Psychotropic Medication Parameters for Children and Youth in Texas Public Behavioral Health (7th Edition). Available online at https://www.hhs.texas.gov/sites/default/files/documents/psychotropic-medication-utilization-parameters-medication-tables.pdf. Last visited September 30, 2025.

[114] Community First Choice programs overview. Available online at https://hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/programs/community-first-choice. Last visited September 30, 2025.

[115] Inpatient admissions to acute care hospitals for psychiatric conditions are a benefit of Texas Medicaid for all ages. Federal statute prohibits Medicaid funding for services delivered to Medicaid members ages 21-64 while residing in an IMD. As allowed by 42 C.F.R. § 438.6(e), the STAR Health MCO may provide inpatient mental health services in an IMD up to 15 days per month for members who are 21-64, in lieu of an acute care hospital.

[116] DFPS CANS 3.0 Assessment webpage. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/Texas_Child_Centered_Care/CANS_3-0.asp. Last visited on September 1, 2025.

[117] CPS Policy Handbook § 11113.23. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_x11000.asp#CPS_11113_23. Last visited September 30, 2025.

[118] Psychotropic Medication Utilization Parameters for Children and Youth in Texas Public Behavioral Health: Medication Tables (7th version). Available online at https://www.hhs.texas.gov/sites/default/files/documents/psychotropic-medication-utilization-parameters-medication-tables.pdf. Last visited September 30, 2025.

[119] STAR Health PMUR Process for STAR Health Members FAQ and Stakeholder Manual. Available online at https://dfps.texas.gov/Child_Protection/Medical_Services/documents/STAR_Health_PMUR_English.pdf. Last visited September 30, 2025.

[120] HHSC Medical Transportation Program webpage. Available online at https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/medicaid-chip-members/nonemergency-medical-transportation-program. Last visited September 30, 2025.

[121] DFPS Star Health webpage. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/Child_Protection/Medical_Services/default.asp. Last visited September 30, 2025.

[122] Superior HealthPlan STAR Health website. Available online at https://www.fostercaretx.com/. Last visited September 30, 2025.

[123] U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division Disability Rights Section. Guide to Disability Rights Laws. Available online at https://www.ada.gov/resources/disability-rights-guide/. Last visited September 1, 2025.

[124] Social Security Administration Benefits Overview. Available at https://www.ssa.gov/benefits. Last visited September 1, 2025.

[125] CPS Policy Handbook § 1570. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_1570.asp. Last visited September 1, 2025.

[126] CPS Policy Handbook § 1571. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_1570.asp#CPS_1571. Last visited September 1, 2025.

[127] CPS Policy Handbook § 1571.2. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_1570.asp#CPS_1571_2. Last visited September 1, 2025.

[128] 20 C.F.R. § 416.905

[129] Social Security Administration's adult listings of impairments. Available online at https://www.ssa.gov/disability/professionals/bluebook/AdultListings.htm. Last visited September 1, 2025.

[130] CPS Policy Handbook § 1574. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_1570.asp. Last visited September 1, 2025.

[131] For more information about Able Account, see https://www.texasable.org/.

[132] CPS Policy Handbook § 8232.2. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_8232.asp#CPS_8232_2. Last visited September 1, 2025.

[133] Disability Rights Texas website. Available online at https://www.disabilityrightstx.org/en/home/. Last visited September 1, 2025.

[134] EveryChild Inc. website. Available online at www.everychildtexas.org. Last visited September 1, 2025.

[135] HHS Disability webpage. Available online at https://hhs.texas.gov/services/disability. Last visited September 1, 2025.

[136] HHS Home and Community-Based Services webpage. Available online at https://www.hhs.texas.gov/providers/long-term-care-providers/home-community-based-services-hcs. Last visited September 1, 2025.

[137] Texas Mental Health and Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Law Bench Book. Available online at http://texasjcmh.gov/publications/bench-books/. Last visited September 1, 2025.

[138] Texas Health and Human Services Contact HHS webpage. Available online at https://apps.hhs.texas.gov/contact/search.cfm. Last visited September 1, 2025.

[139] Navigate Life Texas. Available online at https://www.navigatelifetexas.org. Last visited September 1, 2025.

[140] Psychotropic Medication Parameters for Children and Youth in Texas Public Behavioral Health (7th Edition) at page 5. Available online at https://www.hhs.texas.gov/sites/default/files/documents/psychotropic-medication-utilization-parameters-medication-tables.pdf. Last visited September 30, 2025.

[141] Id. at page 3.

[142] Psychotropic Medication Parameters for Children and Youth in Texas Public Behavioral Health (7th Edition). Available online at https://www.hhs.texas.gov/sites/default/files/documents/psychotropic-medication-utilization-parameters-medication-tables.pdf. Last visited September 30, 2025.

[143] DFPS Medical Consent Training for Caregivers webpage. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/Training/Medical_Consent/. Last visited September 30, 2025.

[144] DFPS Psychotropic Medication Training webpage. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/Training/Psychotropic_Medication/. Last visited September 30, 2025.

[145] See Psychotropic Medication Parameters for Children and Youth in Texas Public Behavioral Health (7th Edition) at page 6. Available online at https://www.hhs.texas.gov/sites/default/files/documents/psychotropic-medication-utilization-parameters-medication-tables.pdf. Last visited September 30, 2025.

[146] Department of Family and Protective Services, Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths (CANS) Assessment (CANS). Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/Child_Protection/Medical_Services/CANS_Assessment.asp. Last visited September 30, 2025.

[147] STAR Health PMUR Process for STAR Health Members FAQ and Stakeholder Manual. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/Child_Protection/Medical_Services/documents/STAR_Health_PMUR_English.pdf. Last visited September 30, 2025.

[148] Id.

[149] Texas Health and Human Services Update on the Use of Psychotropic Medications for Children in Texas Foster Care: Fiscal Years 2002-2021 Data Report at 3-4. Available online at www.hhs.texas.gov/sites/default/files/documents/update-psychotropic-medications-children-texas-foster-care-fy2002-2021.pdf. Last visited September 30, 2025.

[150] Id. at 16.

[151] Lander L, Howsare J, Byrne M. The impact of substance use disorders on families and children: from theory to

practice. Soc Work Public Health. 2013;28(3-4):194-205. doi: 10.1080/19371918.2013.759005. PMID: 23731414;PMCID: PMC3725219.

[152] National Center on Substance Abuse and Child Welfare. Interactive Statistics series. Available online at https://ncsacw.acf.hhs.gov/research/child-welfare-statistics/interactive-statistics-series/. Last visited September 30, 2025.

[153] At the time this document was written this data was current as of March 7, 2025. Available online at https://healthdata.dshs.texas.gov/dashboard/drugs-and-alcohol/all-drugs/drug-related-deaths. Last visited September 30, 2025.

[154] Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration: Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) 2023:

Admissions to and Discharges from Substance Use Treatment Services Reported by Single State Agencies.

Available online at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt56543/2023-teds-annual-report.pdf. Last visited September 28, 2025.

[155] Texas Department of State Health Services. Texas Health Data Dashboard. Available online at https://healthdata.dshs.texas.gov/dashboard/drugs-and-alcohol/drug-related-deaths. Last visited September 28, 2025.

[156] National Library of Medicine. Facing Addiction in America Glossary of Terms. Available online at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK424856/. Last visited September 28, 2025.

[157] Id.

[158] Id.

[159] Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Recovery and Recovery Support. Available online at https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/recovery. Last visited September 6, 2025.

[160] Texas Health and Human Services. Outreach, Screening, Assessment & Referral. Available online at https://hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/mental-health-substance-use-resources/outreach-screening-assessment-referral-centers. Last visited September 6, 2025.

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[194] Judicial Trauma Institute presented live on April 22-23, 2021 via webcast. Available online at https://texaschildrenscommission.gov/project-jti/. Last visited September 1, 2025.

[195] Trauma Informed Texas website, available online at https://texaschildrenscommission.gov/our-work/systems-improvement/welcome-to-traumainformedtexascom/. Last visited September 1, 2025.

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[202] Federal law references the Local Education Agency (LEA). This term is synonymous with the school district or open-enrollment charter school. In Texas, the state education agency (SEA) is the Texas Education Agency.

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[217] Texas Judicial Branch Truancy Reform webpage. Available online at http://www.txcourts.gov/publications-training/training-materials/truancy-reform.aspx. Last visited September 30, 2025.

[218] Op Tex. Att'y Gen. No. MW–43 (1979). Available online at https://texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1979/mw0043.pdf. Last visited September 30, 2025.

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[221] See further, 19 Tex. Admin. Code § 74.1025.

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[223] For more information about the ARD committee process, Parent's Guide to the Admission, Review and Dismissal Process. Available online at https://www.spedtex.org/resources/parents-guide-ard-process. Last visited September 30, 2025.

[224] See also TEA's Transition Assistance Toolkit: Nutrition Benefits. Available at https://tea.texas.gov/academics/special-student-populations/transition-assistance-one-pagers.pdf. Last visited September 30, 2025.

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[266] Section 3 of Violence Against Women Act, 34 U.S.C. § 12291(b)(2); Family Violence Prevention and Services Act (FVPSA) universal grant conditions on confidentiality 42 U.S.C. 10401 et seq.; and Texas Family Code Chapter 93.

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[286] Polaris Project. Human Trafficking webpage. Available online at https://polarisproject.org/human-trafficking/. Last visited September 30, 2025.

[287] Texas CASA Antitrafficking Resources. Available online at https://texascasa.org/program-portal/casa-anti-child-trafficking/. Last visited September 1, 2025.

[288] Adapted from NCJFCJ Courts Catalyzing Change Bench Card and Dr. Jeffrey Rachlinski, Professor of Law.

[289] See Tex. Fam. Code § 264.154.

[290] DFPS Community-Based Care webpage. Available online at https://dfps.texas.gov/CBC/default.asp. Last visited September 16, 2025.

[291] Ryan, J. P., & Testa, M. F. (2005). Child maltreatment and juvenile delinquency: Investigating the role of placement and placement instability. Children and Youth Services Review, 27(3), 227–249.

[292] Haight, W., Bidwell, L., Choi, W.S., & Cho, M. (2016). An evaluation of the Crossover Youth Practice Model (CYPM): Recidivism outcomes for maltreated youth involved in the juvenile justice system. Children and Youth Services Review, 6, 578-85.

[293] Huang, H., Ryan, J. P., & Herz, D. (2012). The journey of dually-involved youth: The description and prediction of rereporting and recidivism. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(1), 254–260.

[294] Herz, D., & Dierkhising, C. (2019). OJJDP Dual System Youth Design Study: Summary of Findings and Recommendations for Pursuing a National Estimate of Dual System Youth.

[295] Caietti, C.M., Gaines, K., & Heldman, J. (2017). “Improving outcomes for dual status youth,” presented at the Beyond the Bench Conference, December 19, 2017. Available online at http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/BTB24-2G-00PPT.pdf. Last visited September 30, 2025.

[296] For more information on the Center for Juvenile Justice Reform Crossover Youth Practice Model, see https://cjjr.georgetown.edu/ourwork/crossover-youth-practice-model/. For more information on the RFK Children's Action Corps Dual Status Youth Reform, see https://rfknrcjj.org/resources/dual-status-youth/. Last visited September 30, 2025.

[297] For more information on sealing juvenile records, see TexasLawHelp.org. Juvenile Justice Records: Sealing and Restricted Access. Available online at https://texaslawhelp.org/article/juvenile-justice-records-sealing-and-restricted-access Last visited September 30, 2025.

[298] Children's Commission. Dual Status Task Force Report. (2021). Available online at https://texaschildrenscommission.gov/media/0ompgwzb/dual-status-task-force-final-report.pdf. Last visited September 30, 2025.

[299] Texas Department of Family and Protective Services Child and Family Visitation Best Practice Guide. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Resource_Guides/Visitation_Best_Practice_Guide.pdf. Last visited May 5, 2025.

[300] Texas Department of Family and Protective Services Child and Family Visitation Best Practice Guide. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Resource_Guides/Visitation_Best_Practice_Guide.pdf. Last visited May 5, 2025.

[301] DFPS Parent/Supportive Adult Visitation Record and Observation Form. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/Application/Forms/showFile.aspx?Name=3102A.pdf. Last visited May 5, 2025.

[302] See also CPS Policy Handbook § 1612.3. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_1600.asp#CPS_1612_3. Last visited May 5, 2025.

[303] DFPS Permanency Care Assistance webpage. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/Child_Protection/Kinship_Care/pca.asp. Last visited May 5, 2025.

[304] Permanency Care Assistance: Key Issues for Judges. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/application/Forms/showFile.aspx?NAME=2127.pdf. Last visited May 5, 2025.

[305] Center for Public Policy Priorities. New Federal Foster Care Legislation: What it Means for Texas. (2008). Available online at http://library.cppp.org/files/4/newfostercare.pdf. Last visited May 5, 2025.

[306] DFPS Relative and Other Designated Caregiver Placement Program Report. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/About_DFPS/Reports_and_Presentations/CPS/documents/2025/2025-08-29_Relative_and_Other_Designated_Caregiver_Report.pdf. Last visited on September 1, 2025.

[307] Mexican Consular Offices in Texas. Available online at https://www.sos.state.tx.us/border/intlprotocol/embassies/mexico.shtml. Last visited September 30, 2025.

[308] DFPS International and Immigration Issues Resource Guide. Available online at https://www.dfps.texas.gov/handbooks/CPS/Resource_Guides/International_and_Immigration_Issues_Resource_Guide.pdf. Last visited September 30, 2025.